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Unemployment is one of the developmental problems that are faced by every developing economy in the 21st century. Unemployment is a key measure of economic health. It is a major factor in determining how healthy an economy is; if the economy maximized efficiency, everyone would be employed at some wage. An individual unemployed is both unproductive and a drain on society’s resources. Unemployment is a powerful statistic that shapes government policy and personal decisions. The government keeps a close eye on the unemployment rate. Not only does unemployment indicate that the economy isn’t operating at peak efficiency, but politicians have noticed that high unemployment correlates with losing elections.

Maize is the most important cereal crop of the world after wheat and rice, growing everywhere in the irrigated as well as in rain-fed areas. Botanically, it is known as Zea mays L. and belongs to family Poaceae. It is an annual cross pollinated crop. Maize is grown as food as well as fodder crop and is the second most important crop after wheat in KPK Pakistan. Maize is the staple food of rural population in Pakistan. As a grain crop, maize is a rich source of food and it is also used on large scale in industries for manufacturing of corn oil, corn flakes, corn syrup and corn sugar.

The book in hand can furnish baseline information about the detection of various pathogens using different laboratory techniques i.e., Basic Laboratory Procedures; Sterilization and Disinfection, Computer in Laboratory, Indenting and storage of Reagents, Hazards in Laboratory, Collection, Transport, Storage and Disposal of Specimens. General Clinical Pathology; Urine Examination. Hematology; Hemopoesi. Anemia’s. Estimation of Hemoglobin, Red Cells Indices, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, Preparation and Staining of Blood Film, Total Leucocytes Count, Platelet Count, Reticulocyte Count. This can be an asset for the medical students, laboratory technicians and allied stalk holders.

The book in hand can furnish baseline information about transition metal complexes synthesized by the reaction of metal salts with Schiff base derived from aniline and salicylaldehyde. All these complexes soluble in DMSO have been characterized through physical techniques such as melting point and elemental analysis, it has been observed that organic ligand bound to central metal atom through the oxygen bond of hydroxyl group, the physical state of metal complexes after reaction with the ligand vary from metal to metal. The complex confirmation was made through melting point and also through elemental analysis. The IR data of the complexes provide sufficient information about the geometry of complexes. Therefore it should be in every scientific library around the country.

The book encompasses valuable information on identification of supervier wheat genotypes under moisture stress and irrigated environments. Drought limit the seed production especially wheat, as the crop is grown in areas where artificial means of irrigation are either lacking or inadequate. Low yield of wheat is also due to moisture stress during its growth period, mainly due to uncertain rainfall. The solutions include the development of different irrigation systems which require huge expenses. The best option is to develop drought tolerant wheat genotypes. Therefore, the screening of elite and exotic wheat germplasm for drought tolerant was preferred to develop desirable wheat varieties with greater yield potential under both irrigated and rainfed conditions which can boost up grain yield. The book can be an asset for the researchers, planner and agriculture students. It should in each and every library around the country.

The book in hand provide valuable information on Sugarcane varieties development/breeding, being an important sugar and cash crop of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, providing employment opportunity, gigantic amount of revenue and foreign exchange savings. Sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L. )"honey without the help of bees" is one of the important sugar crop of Pakistan. It is cultivated on 11 m ha every year on the World level , produced 850 m tons of cane and productivity of 51 metric tons ha-1. In Pakistan it is grown in three distinct climatic zones i.e. the temperate Peshawar valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Sub tropical Punjab, and tropical Sindh. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it was grown since the Mogul period. The book can be an asset for the researchers, planner and agriculture students. It should in each and every library around the country.

Pakistan being an agricultural country is facing chronic shortage of edible oils. The indigenous production doesn’t meet the edible oil requirement of the country. Annually about Rs. 72 billion is spent on its import to fulfill the country requirement and now due to the mushrooming growth in population the requirement in increasing further. The edible oil stood second after petroleum bill in the total import. This gigantic drain on our hard-earned foreign exchange resources is a great challenge for agricultural scientists and all allied stalk holders. Among the conventional oil seed crops groundnut emerged a potential oil seed crop that can minimized the gap between production and consumption. The book in hand can furnish useful information for oils seed scientists and growers.

Okra is considered one of the best vegetable and always fetchs high prices in the market due to its taste and edible constituents. But it is susceptible to various fungal diseases such as Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia bataticola, R. solani, Pythium butleri, Phytophthora palmivora, Cercospora abelmoschii and Erysiphe cichoracearum. Okra root rot is caused by the fungus Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc. According to reports the root rot is one of the most destructive diseases. Its incidence ranged between 10-80%, with a maximum (55-80%) in the crop grown on small scale as kitchen /home gardening and minimum (10-45%) in the crop sown on large scale under field conditions. The book in hand can furnish valuable information on varieties Vs. sowing geometry and can be usual for researchers, vegetable growers and agriculturist.

The importance of forest resources for the wild life habitat, environmental conservation, and bio diversity cannot be over stated. In Pakistan total forest area under control of the Forest Departments (including Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas) is 4.26 m ha which is 4.8% of the total land area. The capita-1 forest area is only 0.037 ha compared to the world average of one ha capita-1. The main reason for this is that more than 70% land area of the country is arid and semi-arid with annual rainfall of 250-500 mm. too low and erratic to sustain natural vegetation and to plan a forestation/ regeneration programs; Secondly due to ruthless cutting of forest further deteriorated the forest density in the area attributed to many social and economic reasons. The book in hand can provide baseline information on forest degradation, management and conservation practices. It can be valuable book for the students of Environmental Sciences, researchers and allied stalk holders.

Maize is the third important cereal crop in Pakistan after wheat and paddy. It is cultivated widely in the temperate, tropical and sub-tropical areas in the world. But, its function adversely affected by intense temperature and less humidity environments, gives rise to interfere in efficient pollination and resulted in failure in proper grain synthesis. In Pakistan the average production of maize is less than other maize growing countries of the world. The less production of maize is not because of cultivar but it was because of insufficient supply of water and nutrients, which are basic needs for getting greater production, and our soils and environmental conditions, are not supportive to provide adequate nutrients to crops especially micronutrients. The book in hand is an attempt to alleviate the menace of low production and have encompasses valuable information on various nutrient concentrations of pre and post harvest soil AB-DTPA extractable P and Zn, soil available SO4-S, leaf P concentration, plants density, maize grain yield of variety Jalal. This book can be an asset for the researchers, planner and agriculture students.

Among national resources forest is considered to be the backbone for the industrial development of a country. The forest (natural capital) includes both public and private goods and is central to the livelihoods of many poor rural households that depend on a natu¬ral resource base. Poverty is considered as the main impediment in dealing environment related problems as environmental degradation is fundamentally linked to poverty in various regions of the world as poor are directly dependent on natural resources for their livelihood whether hunting forestry, agriculture, fisheries etc hence serving as the “driver” of biodiversity loss and environmental degradation. Conservationists and government officials often see the poor as part of the natural resources problem and as the cause of deforestation, degraded landscapes, and biodiversity loss. This book in hand is an attempt to describe the relationship of declining forest resources and surrounding poor communities in District Haripur, Pakistan. It can be valuable book for the forest conservation and allied stalk holder.

Crude extract and various fractions thereof of four medicinal plants of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provice were screened for antibacterial, antifungal, insecticidal, phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity and enzymes inhibition activities. Their anti-inflammatory activity was also tested using in vitro and in vivo models. All the screened plant extracts showed some degree of antibacterial activity. The chloroform fraction of Valeriana wallichii and Xanthium strumarium revealed significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella flexneri, respectively. The n-hexane fraction of Valeriana wallichii showed strong antifungal activity against Microsporum canis. Chloroform fraction of Xanthium strumarium depicted 100% insecticidal activity against Callosobruchus analis. The ethylacetate and chloroform fractions of Duchesnea indica exhibited significant phytotoxicity against Lemna minor plant. The methanol extract of Valeriana wallichii and Achyranthes aspera, exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity. These extracts can be a significant source for potential new lead compounds if further investigated

Maize ranks 3rd among cereal grown crop in Pakistan. It was grown on area of 1052.1 thousand hectares, with the total annual production of 3593 thousand tones and average yield of 3415 kg ha-1, similarly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa it was sown on about 509.5 thousand hectares, with the total annual production of 957.9 thousand tones and with an average yield of 1880 kg ha-1. Hazara, Peshawar, Kohat, Malakand and D. I. Khan are the main maize growing divisions in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Low productivity is one the major concern in most of the field crops including maize crop. Therefore, an attempt have been made to delineate information on improvement of maize yield as the sole solution an enhancing agriculture productivity. The book provide comprehensive information on hybridization of maize crop as one of the most important cultivated plants of the world, which will be useful as decisive aid for teachers, researchers, undergraduate and graduate students, as well as growers.

Pecan nut is one of the most recently introduced fruit tree in Pakistan. It is an excellent alternative of walnut. As walnut required chilling temperature for its bearing. But its cultivation is impossible in low altitude area of the country. It can be grown in high as well as low altitude areas of our country. It will fetch higher prices in the market due to its unique taste and nutritious values. The trees may live and bear edible nuts for more than three hundred years. The major constraint in its spreading is stunted and restricted growth during seedling stage in the nurseries. An attempted has been made to furnish baseline information on the different concentration of nitrogen and zinc application to the Pecan nut seedling for bumper growth. The book in hand can be assets for the pomologists, planners and allied stalk holders.

Onion is an important vegetable due to its higher yield potential, low cost of production and higher nutritional value being the added attributes. In Pakistan it is growing on 0.153 m ha area, production of 2.015 m tons with average yield of 13.2 tons ha-1. Whereas, in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa contributing 0.012 m ha, with production of 0.227 m tons and 18.92 tons ha-1. Pakistan stands with world's ten top onion producing countries also find itself among countries having highest capita-1 onion consumption. The average capita-1 onion consumption is approximately 6.5 kg of onions across the world while in Pakistan, it is 10 kg annum-1, while Turkey having the highest capita-1 onion consumption (36.6 kg year-1). Keeping in view the consumption level and increasing population, Pakistan must produce around 15 million tones of onion annually. The book in hand provides baseline information of different aspect of onion pre and post harvest treatments for getting maximum bulb yield. It can be a useful hand book for the agriculture graduates, scientists and allied stalk holders.

Different industries emit different pollutants. For example, the chemical industry releases emissions that contain many nitrogen and sulphur compounds while refineries discharge sulphur dioxide and hydrocarbons. The metal working industry is partially responsible for the emissions of sulphur dioxide and large amounts of toxic dust. Human activities have resulted in harmful substances and polluting emissions being released into the air. They endanger our health and our natural ecosystem, and lead to an additional greenhouse effect. Besides emissions of toxic dust, unplanned and uncontrolled development of industrial premises or zones leads to noise pollution and vibration disturbance. The use of conventional piling methods and the sound of exhaust fans in factories are some of the common activities that generate high sound level. An attempt has been made to analyze the soil and water samples in & around Hattar Industrial Estate both for drinking and agriculture purposes. The book in hand can furnish useful information for industrial and agriculture graduate, policy makers and allied stalk holders.

Maize is the third most important cereal crop after wheat and rice in Pakistan. It is grown on 950 thousand ha with annual production of 3487 thousand tons with productivity of 3670 kg ha-1 which is far below the world average yield. This low yield is attributed to numerous factors, among which plant nutrition emerged the major one. Supplementing synthetic fertilizer with organic fertilizer can enhance productivity. Worldwide, there is an increasing trend of using organic fertilizers as fertility of soil drastically suffered due to the excessive use of inorganic fertilizers. Similarly, cost of fertilizer and growing public concerns about fertility issues further aggravated the problem. Farm yard manure need to be applied in large quantity, which is difficult to be produced by the farmers. Humic acid is the active constituent of the organic humus which can play a vital role in soil conditioning and plant growth enhancement. The book in hand provides baseline information on organic and inorganic fertilizers use for the agriculture students, researchers, planners and allied stalk holders.

The book in hand provide valuable information on tobacco, being an important cash crop of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, providing employment opportunity for one million family, gigantic amount of revenue and foreign exchange earnings. Tobacco industry is the largest contributor to the excise duty. The increasing pressure of population and demand due to worldwide price increases make it very important to produce more tobacco and increase the per unit yield. The book can be an asset for the researchers, planner and agriculture students. It should be in each and every library around the country.

In Pakistan potato is one of the leading vegetable, cultivated on 145 thousand ha, produced 2941.3 thousand tons with average productivity of 20.3 tons ha-1, which is far below the average yield obtained by other potato growing countries of the world. This low yield is attributed to numerous factors, but plant nutrition emerged one of the major one. The book in hand can furnish baseline information on the methods of fertilizer application. This book is useful for the agriculture students, researchers and allied stalk holders.

Pakistani citizens are paying a high price for the pollution of their water supply. Annually about 40,000 children are die from drinking contaminated or polluted water, and 60 % of infant deaths are caused by water-borne diseases. Every fifth person in the country suffers from illness associated with pollution, and 40 %t of deaths in urban centers is caused by unsafe water. All the sewage eventually is dumped into waterways. On top of that, hundreds of tons of solid waste from the two cities are added every day. Hospitals, medical schools, textile and marble factories all make their special contribution to the polluted water. In Pakistan about 47 % of the population has no access to safe drinking water, and nearly 84 % of the rural population is deprived of sanitation facilities. Water-borne diseases account for 20 to 30 percent of infant deaths in Pakistan, and pollution contributes to the incidence of cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, diarrhea, dysentery, yellow fever and malaria. The book in hand can be useful for students, research and allied stalk holders.