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Brucellosis is caused by members of genus Brucella. These are small, non-motile, aerobic, facultative intracellular, Gram-negative coccobacilli. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world Health Organization (WHO) and the world organization of animal Health (OIE), brucellosis is considered the most widespread zoonosis worldwide. Almost all domestic species can be affected with brucellosis and it is one of the most serious diseases of livestock. In the agro-based economy of Bangladesh livestock contribute 2.73% of the total GDP and 75% of the rural people are directly or indirectly involved with livestock rearing and the people usually live in very close proximity with their livestock.This book illustrates the diagnosis, seroprevalence and epidemiology of brucellosis in cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig together alongside its association with reproductive diseases in Bangladesh. The exciting new study shows a new way of developing the livestock and public health policy of government as well as professionals, prevention and control of brucellosis nationally and at international level to improve livelihoods.

The cat has been living in close association with humans for at least 3500 years, the ancient Egyptians routinely used cats to keep mice and other rodents away from their grain. The history of domestic cat may stretch back even further, as 8,000 year-old bone of humans and cats were found buried together on the island of Cyprus. Cats are social, extroverted cats that love human companionship and like being part of whatever's going on. They often attach strongly to one person, demanding constant attention from that person. Currently, the cat is the world's most popular household pet. The domestic cat is the definitive host for Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and the virus has a worldwide distribution. FeLV is a retroviruses that represent one of the most common and important infectious diseases of cats worldwide. It is responsible for more death among cats than any other infectious disease. This book illustrates the introduction, rapid diagnosis, prevalence, treatment, prevention and control of FeLV in cats.

It is estimated that throughout the world, almost 150 million farm households are engaged in milk production, the majority of them in developing countries where annual growth rates in milk consumption averaged 3.5 to 4.0 per cent in the decade of 1995-2005. Bangladesh has 24 million cattle, out of which 6 million are dairy cattle of local and crossbreds. Dairying is part of the mixed farming systems and a predominant source of income, nutrition and jobs and a strong tool to develop a village micro economy of Bangladesh in order to improve rural livelihoods and to alleviate rural poverty. More regular cash income can be generated through market-oriented dairies and more employment per value added unit has been observed in dairying than in crops. One of the infectious diseases, which are a major constraint for dairy animal productivity, is brucellosis. Brucellosis in dairy cattle is caused by Brucella abortus.This book illustrates the conventional diagnosis and seroprevalence of of brucellosis in dairy cattle. The exciting new study shows a new way of developing the dairy industry and control of brucellosis to improve livelihoods.

The cat has been living in close association with human for at least 3500 years and currently, the cat is the world’s most popular household pet. Feline influenza is an infectious disease that affects the upper respiratory tract and clinical signs usually appear within 1 to 3 days. Feline influenza virus (influenza type A) is the virus under the family Orthomyxoviridae (a group of RNA viruses). Influenza virus A infects humans, other mammals, and birds, and causes all flu pandemics. Its ability to cross the species barrier without prior adaptation and to infect many mammal species including cat, has raised concerns about a new influenza pandemic. Influenza type A has been long absent from the list of infectious diseases considered as possibilities in dogs and cats. With the discovery that avian influenza H5N1 can infect cats and dogs, small animal veterinarians have an important role to play in detection of influenza virus strains that may become zoonotic. In cats, the clinical signs are fever, decreased activity, protrusion of the nictitating membrane, conjunctivitis and laboured breathing. This book illustrates the introduction, diagnosis and prevalence of influenza in cats.

Brucellosis is an important porcine reproductive problem in Bangladesh. Out of 590 million pigs in the world, about 34% are raised in tropical countries. In Bangladesh, pigs are predominantly belongs to dwarf type producing low quality pork and pig rearing continues to be primitive because they are raised by certain rural people who are educationally, economically and socially most backward. But now-a-days, there are some livestock related projects working with rural ultra poor people to eradicate extreme poverty in northern region of Bangladesh. These projects are funded by European Union and implemented in disaster prone areas of Bangladesh. The objective & purpose of the project is to improve food security and nutritional well-being of the ultra poor people through pig rearing.The primary purpose of pig rearing is the meat production including pork, bacon, fat or ham, production of skin, bristles and manure used as fertilizer either for soil or for fish-ponds. This book illustrates the history, diagnosis and seroprevalence of brucellosis in pigs. The exciting new study shows a new way of developing the pig industry and control of brucellosis to improve livelihoods.

Among the livestock populations sheep still now occupies the third position and about 80% sheep is reared by rural farmers in Bangladesh. The sheep in Bangladesh are mainly utilized for meat purposes but also important for good quality leathers and source of income to rural people. One of the infectious diseases, which are a major constraint for sheep productivity, is brucellosis. It is a widely spread disease in the developing countries caused by six species of the bacterial genus Brucella. Bangladesh has been reported as an endemic country for brucellosis because of a considerable number of human and animal populations are exposed to the infection each year. Most cases of brucellosis infection in sheep are inapparent and lack clinical signs. The first evident manifestation is abortion,which frequently occurs 3 to 4 months after gestation. Clinical signs of infected rams are orchitis, hogbacks, anorexia, emaciation, and gradual loss of capacity for hybridization. Other symptoms also include mastitis, bronchitis, and arthritis, among others. This book illustrates the serological diagnosis and epidemiology of brucellosis in sheep and shows a new way of developing the sheep industry.

Among the world?s poorest countries, Bangladesh is home to one of the richest treasures-prized Black Bengal goats. Among the Asiatic countries, Bangladesh, a tropical agro-based developing country, possesses the third largest repository of goats, with a population of more than 34 million heads, according to the FAO. This figure represents more than 57% of total livestock in Bangladesh. More than 90% of the goats of the country are of the Black Bengal breed. More than 98% of goats are owned by the small, marginal and landless farmers in the villages. One of the infectious diseases, which are a major constraint for Black Bengal goat productivity, is brucellosis. Brucellosis in Black Bengal goat is caused by Brucella melitensis. Brucellosis is considered by the Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO) & the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) as the most widespread bacterial zoonosis worldwide. This book illustrates the introduction, diagnosis and seroprevalence of brucellosis in Black Bengal goat. The exciting new study shows a new way of developing the goat industry & prevention & control of brucellosis nationally and at international level.

The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is a large bovine animal, frequently used as livestock in southern Asia. Asia is the native home of the water buffalo, with 95% of the world population, with about half of the total in India and Bangladesh. It is valuable for its meat and milk, as well as the labour it performs. It is often referred to as “the living tractor of the East”, as it is relied upon for plowing and transportation in many parts of Asia including Bangladesh. Brucellosis, a zoonosis of worldwide importance, is caused by Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Brucella. Brucellosis in domestic water buffalo is generally caused by infection with Brucella abortus. Clinical signs in buffaloes include abortion, decreased fertility and milk production, and testicular degeneration in the bull, as a result of epididymitis - orchitis; because of this, it is considered one of the most damaging diseases to livestock and disturbing rates of productivity in buffalo herds, since prevention and control involves a high economic impact. This book illustrates the introduction, serological diagnosis and epidemiology of brucellosis in bufffaloes and shows a new way of developing buffalo industry.

Spatial and temporal pattern of forest flora in Bangladesh is changing. This change might be happening in their habitat distribution. The country faces an extreme climate change impact due to its geographic importance. Due to climate change consequences, the country may face elevated temperature and precipitation. Forest flora, especially economically important timber trees may face these two impacts and being hampered with growth and distribution. The country is a flat one; however, an altitudinal rise is present from western part to eastern part of the country. With respect to 4 °C elevated temperature and 100 mm precipitation increase, forest flora might be affected in growth and spatial temporal distribution. All the studied tree species tends to relocate or migrate towards east from the western part of the country. There are some tree species in the forests which might lose their natural habitat. However, some species might gain new natural habitat in future, i.e. within 2100 AD.

Forest tree species showed authentic response to climate change. Trees in the Forest are macro organisms according to their size, thus affected more than other microorganisms. Forest trees response to climate change in their growth, survivability, spatial distribution, adaptation and mitigation of climate change. Forest growth, especially tree species growth is affected due to climate change induced phenomena like elevated temperature, salinity intrusion, changed precipitation and humidity etc. Tree species might be dislocated to other habitat area from their own. This spatial shift may be conducted in association with temporal passage of time. Forest tree species are also subversive to survivability. Tree species may experience adverse survival condition at both initial and mature stage. Morphological adaptation to changed climate can impose altered growth, changed phenology, fruiting pattern, elongation in seed dormancy etc. Future forest tree species in Bangladesh might experience all these misappropriation in near future. As natural resources do not tolerate any sharp change, an alteration in climatic condition of Bangladesh would thus be harmful to its growth and development.