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Foot and Mouth Disease cause severe economic losses to the mithun farmers in north eastern hilly region especially Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram and Arunachale Pradesh. Regular preventive and prophylactic vaccination is very much needed in mithun rearing areas. But the vaccination causes severe adverse effects on the reproduction and production performance both in male and female mithun. In this book, effect of FMD vaccination on mithun reproduction especially semen production, semen quality, antioxidant and biochemical profiles of mithun semen are described. This book will be helpful to the mithun breeders and mithun farmers to improve the fertility in artificial breeding centers and will enhance reproductive performance in cost effective manner.

Over the last few years,the good quality poor freezable semen was not utilized effectively due to less knowledge about the freezability of semen. There are many reasons,the sperm becomes poor freezable and one is the lack of sufficient antioxidants in the seminal plasma and semen extender. The antioxidant content is reduced during the cryopreservation process and causes premature cryocapacitation and modification of sperm membrane structure upon thawing. So study of the pre-freezing and post thaw seminal parameters like viability, motility, acrosomal integrity, lipid peroxide assay, vanguard distance traveled by sperm, mitochondrial membrane potential, velocity and motility parameters (CASA) and field fertility trial were helped to assess the effectiveness of the additives. The conception rate was better in reduced glutathione than cysteine hydrochloride treated group. The glutathione has improved the poor freezable and maintained the good freezable semen with regards to the freezability.Thus enhanced the field fertility rate and in turn helped to prevent wastage of good quality germplasm and repeat breeder syndrome in cows.

Sheep along with goat are important economic livestock species, contribute greatly to the economy of tropical countries especially in arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas. They play important roles in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. The success of cryopreservation of small ruminant semen is not as successful as in cattle. There are many ways to improve the cryopreservation of semen. The one is feeding herbal antioxidants are foremost important to these small ruminants to improve the quality of semen and reproductive performance. This book will help the sheep and goat breeders and farmers to improve the fertility in natural and artificial breeding and reproductive performance in cost effective manner.

Indigenous breeds of cattle are well adapted to the tropical environment conditions. These breed population is decreasing very drastically in countries like India. Tharparkar is an Indian dual purpose breed. Semen collection and preservation are very important to conserve and preserve this precious germplasm. Production, quality and biochemical composition of semen is affected by seasons. This book explains about semen production, quality and expression of heat shock protein and genes in semen of Tharparkar bulls. This book will be very useful for cattle breeders, researchers and farmers.

Over the last few years, effect of various concentrations of melatonin on semen preservation was studied in domestic animals and seasonal variation in melatonin production and its effect on semen production, quality were also studied. Melatonin is used as an antioxidant in semen preservation in the present study at various concentrations. Moreover, seminal parameters with various antioxidant and biochemical profiles were studied at different concentrations and at different seasons. Addition of this additive on semen preservation will improve the conception rate and reduces the repeat breeding through better semen preservation. Melatonin helps to select the suitable season to collect the semen to improve the semen preservability. This book will help to the breeders and farmers to improve the fertility in artificial breeding centres and enhance reproductive performance in cost effective manner.

Buffalo ((Bubalus bubalis)is the most common milch animal reared after cattle in the world Buffalo has unique ability to utilize coarse feed straw and crop residue and convert them into protein and fat rich lean meat. Today, in buffalo rearing countries, buffalo is recognizing as farmers milk machine. The reproductive performance of buffalo bulls is not good as compared to the cattle. There are many ways to improve the reproductive performance in buffaloes. The one is preservation of buffalo semen with suitable semen processing process, semen extender and proper artificial insemination to enhance the reproductive and productive performance. The present study was conducted to identify the suitable concentration of hypo osmotic swelling solution and at different time of incubation. This study has identified the fertile bulls for semen collection and preservation to enhance the conception rate. This study will help the buffalo breeders and farmers to select a suitable cryopreservation method and processing techniques to increase the reproductive and productive performance in cost effective manner.

Mithun (Bos frontalis), a unique free – range bovine species available in the North Eastern hill region of India. Recent statistics indicates that the mithun population is decreasing gradually due to lack of suitable breeding bulls, increase in intensive inbreeding practices,etc. in this region. Greater efforts are required from all quarters to preserve the mithun population. Since mithuns are semi wild animal and not fully domesticated, natural breeding is practiced in this species with accompanied limitations like cost and disease transmission. Thus, use of artificial insemination and frozen semen technology for improvement of its pedigree is utmost essential. One cause of decline of semen quality in preservation is due to the action of the reactive oxygen species generated by the cellular components of semen. The effects of lipid peroxidation include irreversible loss of motility, damage to the sperm DNA and fertility. So preservation of mithun semen with anti-oxidants such as catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione, cysteine hydrochloride,trehalose, bovine serum albumin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) are essential to offset lipid peroxidation and enhance the fertility.

Buffalo is the most common milch animal reared after cattle in the world. Buffalo has unique ability to utilize coarse feed straw and crop residue and convert them into protein and fat rich lean meat. Today, in buffalo rearing countries, buffalo is recognized as farmers milk machine. The reproductive performance of buffaloes is not good as compared to the cattle. There are many ways to improve the reproductive performance in buffaloes. The one is synchronization protocols to synchronize the buffalo cows to get effective reproductive performance and to enhance the production in terms of milk, meat and draught power. The study was conducted to identify the type of synchronization protocol was suitable for buffalo heifers in tropical countries. This study was based on the different CIDR (CIDR + GnRH, CIDR +E V and CIDR + GnRH+PGF2?) based synchronization protocols and fixed-time artificial insemination in buffalo heifers. The study will help the buffalo farmers to select a suitable synchronization protocol to enhance the reproductive and productive performance in cost effective manner.

Over the last few years, effect of various additives was studied to improve the quality of semen in cattle. These additives include antioxidants, sugars, cholesterol and proteins, etc. Out of which, few are effective and improved the semen quality even in post thaw stage. These additives improve both in vitro and in vivo fertility in all species of animals. Study of these additives will improve the conception rate and reduces the repeat breeding due to poor quality semen. This book will help to the breeders and farmers to improve the fertility in artificial breeding centres and enhance reproductive performance in cost effective manner.

Cattle productivity depends largely on reproductive efficiency and is often measured by number of off-spring per breeding animal per unit of time. Cattle suffer to a large extent from the postpartum reproductive disorders which cause great economic losses to the dairy farmers. This is due to lack of essential minerals and vitamins, improper functioning of reproductive organs and poor follicular development in cows. Therefore treatment with different medicaments are essential to control the infertility problem besides proper feeding and health control. This book explains about various treatments including genital massage of reproductive organs on postpartum infertility problem especially postpartum anestrus in dairy cattle and its effects on biochemical profiles of blood. This book will be useful for dairy farmers, cattle breeders and scientists and will enhance reproductive performance in cost effective manner.