Серия книг «Visual Encyclopedia Of Art» — 5 книг

The 20th century in art began in 1907 with Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. This work marked a breach with the past and one of the most important paths of research for the future. In fact, at about the same time the first avantgarde movements began the experiments with form, language, techniques and materials that would characterize the whole entury: Cubism, Expressionism, Abstract Art, utunsm and Dadaism opened the doors to new expressive possibilities. There was a new relationship between art and reality: artists played with the forms, the objects, and the materials and considered art a form of language. Other ideas came from philosophy and psychoanalysis: the unconscious was depicted in the Surrealists' paintings. Contemporaneously, the short century subjected Europe to two World Wars. Picasso depicted the horror of war in Guernica. Many of his colleagues were forced to flee from Nazi Germany, which also terminated the extraordinary experience of the Bauhaus. Thus it was that by the early 40s the centre of the art world had moved from Paris to New York. Here the language was completely renewed: action was the protagonist of Pollock's art. Within a few years, on the one hand artists delved into the popular reality of the consumer society, on the other hand they pursued sophisticated results that were sometimes quite distant from the public. This led to the birth of Pop Art, Conceptual Art and Minimal Art. The interrelations with mi'sic, theatre and media gave birth to happenings. The art object changed form continuously: the artist worked with the landscape, the body, the new technologies and also elaborated the works of art from the past.

The 20th century in art began in 1907 with Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. This work marked a breach with the past and one of the most important paths of research for the…

Широкое культурное и идеологическое движение, Возрождение или Ренессанс, было периодом интенсивного литературного, художественного и научного творчества, охватившим Европу в период между 14 и 16 веками и знаменовавшим собой переход от средневековой к современной концепции интеллектуальной жизни. В период Раннего Возрождения сосредоточившиеся и вскормленные во Флоренции и Италии искусство и культура претерпели радикальное обновление, которое постепенно распространилось по всей Европе различными средствами и стилистическими проявлениями. Возрождение основывалось на обновленном интересе к Древнему миру - от философии до литературы, от мифологии до изобразительного искусства - неоплатонической философии и гуманизму. Научные интересы включали познание природы и человека, в том числе, его анатомии, и поиск новых технологий. Гармоничное сочетание основных искусств вырастало над уровнем механического воспроизведения, чтобы превратиться в свободное выражение теперь уже консолидированных интеллектуальных прерогатив мастера. Некоторые из великих имен, которые сделали этот художественный период таким плодовитым включают в себя Мазаччо, Брунеллески, Леонардо, Микеланджело, Рафаэля, фламандских мастеров - Ван Эйка и Ван дер Вейдена, художников школы Фонтенбло и немецких художников Дюрера, Альтдорфера и Гольбейна. Фундаментальный вклад королевских дворов, правителей, покровителей и деятелей церкви, которые использовали новые стилистические языки для украшения своих дворцов и поместий, был естественным следствием великолепия искусств.


The Renaissance, a vast cultural and ideological movement, was the period of intense literary, artistic and scientific creativity that involved Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries and marked the transformation from the medieval to a modern concept of the intellect. During the early Renaissance, focused and nurtured in Florence and in Italy, the arts and culture underwent a radical renewal that spread gradually across Europe by various means and stylistic expressions. The Renaissance was based on the renewed passion for the ancient world - from philosophy to literature, from mythology to art - Neo-Platonic philosophy and humanism. Scientific interests included research into Nature and the human being such as atomical studies and the exploration of new techniques, while the harmonious union of the major arts rose above the level of mechanical reproduction to become a free expression of e now consolidated intellectual prerogatives the artist. Some of the great names that ade this artistic season so fertile are Masaccio, runelleschi, Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raffaello, the Flemish masters Van Eyck and n der Weyden, the artists of the school Fontainebleau and the German painters rer, Altdorfer and Holbein. The fundamental ntribution of the courts, lords, patrons and en of the church who used the new stylistic languages to embellish their manors and estates was a natural consequence of the splendour of the arts.

Широкое культурное и идеологическое движение, Возрождение или Ренессанс, было периодом интенсивного литературного, художественного и научного творчества, охватившим Европу в…

Определение «эпоха барокко», обозначающее набор сложных культурных и художественных проявлений, которые развивались в Европе в XVII веке, все еще является предметом дебатов в среде критиков и историков. В качестве одного из наиболее часто принятых определений, термин «барокко» характеризует некоторые аспекты искусства XVII века в Европе, с богатым Римом в центре, опровергающие пропорции и статичную гармонию ренессанса, уже подорванные маньеризмом в предыдущем веке, путем использования округлых линий, странного движения форм, дерзкой зрелищности иллюзионизма и театральности. Наиболее яркими представителями этого направления были Бернини, Борромини, да Кортона и Рубенс. В дополнение к ярким зрелищным проявлениям в их работах, искусство XVII века также включало весьма различные различные направления, такие как натурализм Караваджо, классицизм Карраччи и Пуссена, интимность Вермеера и живописную атмосферу Рембрандта и Веласкеса. Отражая с новым великолепием явления социальной, политической, научной, культурной и церковной жизни, которые глубоко затронули европейское общество и даже остального мира, искусство барокко .зародилось в Италии, где его спонсировали церковь и влиятельные семьи. В то же самое время появление новых покровителей и коллекционеров означало, что оно вторгалось в новые сферы, такие как музыка, литература и театр. В начале XVIII века, следуя за эволюцией зрелого барокко, во Франции зародился стиль рококо, который затем распространился на остальную часть Европы. Этот стиль характеризовался воздушными формами, арабесками, изяществом и яркими цветами в живописи, а также в скульптуре и архитектуре. Вместо героических или духовных тем он воплощал более поверхностный взгляд на жизнь аристократии или сцены повседневного быта, могущие быть беззаботными, фривольными или даже конфиденциальными. Ватто, Фрагонар, Буше, Каналетто и Белотто были представителями этого стиля в живописи, в то время как в архитектуре следует отметить Неймана и построенный им величественный дворец Резиденц в Вюрцбурге.

The definition of the Baroque age, meaning the set of complex cultural and artistic expressions that developed in Europe during the 17th century, is still subject to debate among critics and historians. In one of its most commonly accepted meanings, Baroque describes some aspects of 17th century art, with sumptuous Roma at the centre, that upset the proportions and static harmony of the Renaissance - already undermined by Mannerism during the previous century - through the use of curves, strange movements of forms, the daring optics of illusionism and theatricality. Bernini, Borromini, da Cortona and Rubens were, among others, decisive examples. In addition to these manifestly theatrical expressions, however, the art of the 17th century also included quite different trends such as the naturalism in the works of Caravaggio, classicism in the works of the Carraccis and of Poussin, the intimacy of Vermeer and the pictorial atmospheres in the works of Rembrandt and Velazquez. A reflection of the social, political, scientific, cultural and religious events that profoundly churned European society, the Baroque illuminated Spain, France, the Netherlands and other areas of Europe, and even the rest of the world, with new splendour, from the time of its birth in Italy where it was sponsored by the Church and powerful families. At the same time, the emergence of new patrons and collectors meant that it followed new traces encountering music, literature and theatre. At the beginning of the 18th century, following the mature evolution of Baroque art, the Rococo was born in France - and then expanded to the rest of Europe - characterized by airy forms, arabesques, elegance and luminous colours in painting as well as sculpture and architecture; instead of heroic or sacred themes, it embodied a more light-hearted glance at aristocratic life, or scenes of daily life that might be gay or frivolous or even quiet. Watteau, Fragonard, Boucher, Canaletto and Bellotto were representatives of this style in painting while, in architecture, Neumann and the magnificent Residenz in Wurzburg are particularly worthy of note.

Определение «эпоха барокко», обозначающее набор сложных культурных и художественных проявлений, которые развивались в Европе в XVII веке, все еще является предметом дебатов в…

Between the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century the Art Nouveau movement introduced a vital spirit of artistic and cultural renewal into Europe and the United States. It assumed a variety of different names and interpretations throughout Europe: Austria (Sezessionsstil), Germany (Jugendstil), Netherlands (Nieuwe Kunst), Spain (Modernismo), England and Scotland (Modern Style), France and Belgium (Art Nouveau), Italy (Liberty or stile floreale). This far-reaching international vogue filtered through every aspect of artistic production, from paintings and graphics to advertising posters, finding its most remarkable expression in architecture, interior design and the decorative arts. It developed in reaction to academic art, eclecticism and to industrial production. Many interpreters of Art Nouveau - including Van de Velde, Tiffany, Klimt, Horta, Beardsley, Guimard, Mackintosh - were inspired by the sinuous, elegant and dynamic shapes and lines in flowers, plants and the female form, introducing these natural forms into their art. At the same time they explored the possibilities of industrial design through material such as iron, glass and cement to create an organic harmony of building, decoration and furnishings. The innovatory approach of Art Nouveau was disseminated through magazines, exhibitions, and conferences. Craftsmen's workshops, including those in Dresden, Munich and Vienna, were also influential in consolidating modern design.

Between the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century the Art Nouveau movement introduced a vital spirit of artistic and cultural renewal into Europe and the…

The definition of the Baroque age, meaning the set of complex cultural and artistic expressions that developed in Europe during the 17th century, is still subject to debate among critics and historians. In one of its most commonly accepted meanings, Baroque describes some aspects of 17th century art, with sumptuous Roma at the centre, that upset the proportions and static harmony of the Renaissance - already undermined by Mannerism during the previous century - through the use of curves, strange movements of forms, the daring optics of illusionism and theatricality. Bernini, Borromini, da Cortona and Rubrns were, among others, decisive examples. In addition to these manifestly theatrical expressions, however, the art of the 17th century also included quite different trends such as the naturalism in the works of Caravaggio, classicism in the works of the Carraccis and of Poussin, the intimacy of Vermeer and the pictorial atmospheres in the works of Rembrandt and Velazquez. A reflection of the social, political, scientific, cultural and religious events that profoundly churned European society, the Baroque illuminated Spain, France, the Netherlands and other areas of Europe, and even the rest of the world, with new splendour, from the time of its birth in Italy where it was sponsored by the Church and powerful families. At the same time, the emergence of new patrons and collectors meant that it followed new traces encountering music, literature and theatre. At the beginning of the 18th century, following the mature evolution of Baroque art, the Rococo was born in France - and then expanded to the rest of Europe - characterized by airy forms, arabesques, elegance and luminous colours in painting as well as sculpture and architecture; instead of heroic or sacred themes, it embodied a more ight-hearted glance at aristocratic life, or scenes of daily life that might be gay or frivolous or even quiet. Watteau, Fragonard, Boucher, Canaletto and Bellotto were representatives of this style in painting while, in architecture, Neumann and the magnificent Residenz in Wurzburg are particularly worthy of note.

The definition of the Baroque age, meaning the set of complex cultural and artistic expressions that developed in Europe during the 17th century, is still subject to debate among…