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The discovery of green fluorescent protein and cloning of its gene from Aequorea victoria heralded a new era of investigation in virtually every field of cell and molecular biology ranging from the study of gene expression to protein sorting, organelle structure, measurement of protein-protein interaction, and so on.Before GFP, however several other fluorescent molecules has been in use but none of them could be as potential as GFP. What makes GFP so significant is its ability to fluoresces itself once formed in comparison of other bioluminescent molecules (such as aequorin and firefly luciferase) which require the addition of other substrate before they glow. Further, it is a small protein and can be attached to the protein of interest without disturbing its proper function. Also its small size allows following the fused protein, especially in organelles like neurons.

This book is a Monograph of honest research work and clinical study that carried out for the use of recent drugs in prevention and treatment of nausea & vomiting in the peri-operative period.This study also included the use of recent drugs like Palonosetron and Onadansetron during and after various surgical procedures .We have taken utmost care in titrating the dosage schedule which is in accordance with the standard reccomendations. Authors tried to preserve the upto date data while making this monograph.

The International Maritime Organisation (IMO), International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) and the International Labour Organisation (ILO) have rendered yeomen service to protect the rights of Seafarers’. India is a founder member of the International Labour Organisation (ILO). In spite of this fact India has not ratified quite a few conventions. India has a very long coastline and is a major supplier of seafarers to the world. The Constitution of India contains no special provision for Seafarers’ in particular to protect their rights. Shipping has an international and multifarious dimension. There is interrelationship between flag’s concerning the administration, ownership, manning and the management of the ship. Seafarers’ can therefore become prone to the dangers of their rights not being protected. In order to have an acceptable quality of life Seafarers’ Rights are interconnected with many other fields of rights enjoyed by man. It therefore becomes imperative that Seafarers’ know their rights. In addition it will enable them to perform their duties more efficiently and help them to claim their rightful due. Hence this book is essential reading both for the Seafarers’

Curcumin is a yellow-orange powder that is insoluble in water and ether but soluble in ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, and acetone. Curcuminoids exhibit a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities. Curcumin's unique ability to work through so many different pathways with its extraordinary antioxidant and anti-inflammatory attributes can have a positive influence in combating almost every known disease. In spite of high efficacy and safety, curcumin has not yet been approved as a therapeutic agent, due to the poor solubility and oral bioavailability. Aim of this work is to formulate and evaluate the ternary dispersion (Third Generation Solid Dispersion) of curcumin in order to enhance the dissolution rate by solvent evaporation method (coprecipitation method) with the use of Carrier & Poloxamer. Ternary solid dispersions avoid the drug recrystallization and thus enhance the dissolution rate than Binary solid dispersion.A ternary solid dispersion with solvent evaporation method (coprecipitation method) meets the above requirement to prepare the highly soluble curcumin preparation and comparatively cheaper product ever before.

Environment and biotechnology applies to the use of biotechnology to study the natural environment. It harnesses biological process for commercial uses and is exploited for the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments while developing environment-friendly processes. A systematic approach to biotechnology requires a degree of understanding of a number of disciplines, especially environmental engineering, systems biology, environmental microbiology and ecology. This book is a treatise on environment and biotechnology. It is a must for a basic understanding for students, teachers, professionals, researchers and industrialists concerned essentially with environmental science, microbiology, biotechnology and life sciences. It is also a valuable source of information for those associated with pollution prevention, sustainable development, biochemical engineering and agricultural biotechnology.

Human rabies is cent percent fatal disease of antiquity. It is acute encephalitis with fatal outcome and no effective cure.Prevention by immunization is the onlysolution as on date and the problem assumes significance due to fact that India continues to contribute 4 out of 5 rabies deaths in the world.Present study revealed the number of animal bite cases is on increasing trend while number of human rabies patient was static. There was uneven and irregular monthly distribution of human rabies patients.Males were more vulnerable than females.Children rabies cases were crucial as more number cases were converted into rabies cases. Rural and illiterate people were mostly victims. People working in fields i.e. farmers and labour are affected most is noteworthy.It was crystal clear that dog bitten cases were highest among animal bite as well as rabies cases. Class III degree bite was at most risk to get converted into human rabies cases.95% of victims were not taken any post-bite vaccination.Hydrophobia and aerophobia were pathognomonic signs shown by all victims.4.5% cases died of neuroparalysis due to Nerve tissue vaccination complication.

Dentistry over the years has been held by lay man as a feeling of dread. This fear of the dentist over the generations has been mainly due to unpleasant experiences incurred by the patient either due to lack of knowledge or of previous dreadful experiences of dental treatment narrated to them. In routine practice we encounter certain circumstances which do not empower the practitioner neither to use general anaesthesia nor it is advised to carry out the procedure under local anaesthesia alone. Thus the lack of understanding of the conveyed verbal massage to these patients made the attempted procedure virtually a nightmare to the attending surgeon which resulted in an inferior surgical outcome. Hence the technique of anaesthesia in the form of CONSCIOUS SEDATION was developed.

Several sulphur & nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds have been studied because of their interesting biological properties such as Anti-bacterial, Anti-fungal, Anti-hypertensive, Anti-HIV, Anti-inflammatory, Anti-microbial, Anti-rheumatic, Aldose reductase inhibitor, ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener. 1,4-Benzothiazine forms an important class of heterocyclic system. Several studies are available for 1, 4-Benzothiazine formation and their application in drugs. 1, 4-benzothiazine and thiazoles constitute an important class of sulfur and nitrogen heterocytes. The utility of thiazole as medicaments is finally established. Recently that attention is being directed towards the synthesis of 1,4-benzothiazine, as they are structurally analogues to phenothiazine nucleus. Luciferin and rifamycin are 1,4-benzothiazine derivatives and are obtained by biosynthesis and found to posses immense pharmacological activities and also have application is dyestuff, photographic developer, UV light absorber and antioxidants.

Gouty arthritis is one of the major problems whose prevalence has doubled in the past decades. Studies have estimated that over 20 million people suffer from gout every year. Allopurinol, the major drug used in the treatment has very poor bioavailability and results in many severe side effects. This book addresses this problem as it has large social implications on the society. One of the recent approaches to explore new pharmaceutical drug is the design of the cocrystals. It has an added advantage that as both the compounds are already approved by the FDA no more drug trial is necessary and hence can be brought to the market in a short period. This work deals with the synthesis and preliminary characterization of cocrystals of Allopurinol. The present work has been carried out over a period of seven months at Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning, Prasanthinilayam, India.

The primary role of medicinal chemist has become one of improving upon existing drugs by increasing their potency and duration of action and by decreasing toxic side effects as well as creating new drugs by molecular modifications. Very useful synthetic analogue with improved therapeutic properties can be obtained from a single lead compound by structural modification. The same applies to the group of natural lactone of plant origin, one of the diverse and important system of natural products with a broad spectrum biological activities. Physiological activity of natural lactone is known ever since santonine was used as anthelmintic and ascarisidal agent. The biological importance of unsaturated lactone is well known. The butenolide system is present in many cardiac glycosides shows strong cardiotonic activity. In particular, the ?-alkylidene butenolide skeleton is a useful entity that is present natural products such as fibrolides, dihydroxerulin and protoanemonin. Protoanemonin and its analogues possess antiviral, antibiotic and anticancer activities.