Muhammad Ijaz - все книги по циклам и сериям | Книги по порядку

According to the Agriculture Census Organization, the total equine population in Pakistan was 4.8 million in 2006. This has risen to 5.1 million (Horses 0.4, Asses 4.5 and Mules 0.2) as per the census report for 2008-2009. (Anonymous 2008-09)Strangles is named from the air restriction in late stages of the disease where the horse breathes as if it is being strangled because of the restriction of the trachea due to swollen lymph nodes. It is considered to be one of the top three most significant and feared respiratory diseases in horses (Natarajan and Langohr, 2003). It accounts for close to 30% of all equine infections reported worldwide, making it the most frequently encountered single horse illness (Harrington et al., 2002). The mechanism and route of entrance of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi) into the lymphoid system has not so far been properly elucidated. An in vitro trial revealed adherence of S. equi to equine epithelial cheek cells, tongue and nasal epithelial cells (Srivastava and Barnum, 1983b; Valentin Weigand et al., 1988).

Dengue fever (DF) is the most common mosquito-borne viral disease affecting humans worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Dengue has been reported for more than 100 countries, with 2.5–3 billion people living in areas at potential risk of dengue transmission. It is estimated that 50–100 million patients of dengue occur annually of which 250,000 progress to DHF/DSS resulting in 24,000 deaths. This is the first study which documented the real prevalence, mortality and case fatality rate in dengue fever and compared the clinical features of classical dengue fever (CDF), dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) in children and adults. The book will help the policy makers in developing the dengue control strategies as it revealed the change in seasonal trend of the disease occurrence and also the shift of affected people from children to adults. It will also help the physicians in the early diagnosis of dengue fever on the basis of symptoms and haematological parameters. The common people can also get benefit by knowing the temporal distribution, the characteristics symptoms, the major outcomes and the prevention strategies against the disease.

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) are economically the most important pests of cattle and other domestic animals in tropical and sub-tropical countries. Ticks are responsible for reduce production, infertility, diseases and death (Rajput et al. 2005). Ticks are blood suckers, damage skins, hides, and predispose cattle to dermatophilosis and myiasis (Gates and Wescott 2000; Mtshali et al. 2004). They are the vectors of a number of pathogenic microorganisms including protozoans (babesiosis, theileriosis), rickettsiae (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, typhus), viruses (e.g., Kyasanur Forest Disease, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever), bacteria (e.g., Pasteurella, Brucella, Listeria, Staphylococcus) and spirochaetes (Jongejan and Uilenberg 2004). They also induce toxicosis or paralysis, and cause physical harm to livestock. Poor conditioned animals are especially at risk. Earlier unexposed cattle become tick infested heavily until they build up an extent of resistance. Tropical cattle breeds (Bos indicus) and their crosses build up a greater extent of resistance with the passage of time than European breeds (B. taurus) (Rudunz, 2003).

Fasciolosis is an important and infectious disease of sheep and goats which is characterized by dullness, weakness, lack of appetite, pallor and edema of mucosa and death of animal. The accurate diagnosis of Fasciolosis and the right choice of medicine remained a difficult task for the field practitioners. This is the first molecular report for the diagnosis of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats in Pakistan. It is concluded that PCR is more reliable technique than microscopic examination for the diagnosis of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats. Microscopic technique provides the base line data for the diagnosis of Fasciolosis in sheep and goats while PCR provides help to conduct further molecular studies on Fasciolosis as well as others parasitic diseases. Secondly Fasciolosis which is an important parasitic problem of ruminants is significantly prevalent in sheep and goats in Lahore, Okara and Sahiwal districts of Punjab. Oxyclozanide (Zanil) is the most effective drug while Albendazole and Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) are relatively less effective against Fasciolosis in sheep and goats.