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Environment and biotechnology applies to the use of biotechnology to study the natural environment. It harnesses biological process for commercial uses and is exploited for the development, use and regulation of biological systems for remediation of contaminated environments while developing environment-friendly processes. A systematic approach to biotechnology requires a degree of understanding of a number of disciplines, especially environmental engineering, systems biology, environmental microbiology and ecology. This book is a treatise on environment and biotechnology. It is a must for a basic understanding for students, teachers, professionals, researchers and industrialists concerned essentially with environmental science, microbiology, biotechnology and life sciences. It is also a valuable source of information for those associated with pollution prevention, sustainable development, biochemical engineering and agricultural biotechnology.

In modern society energy has become indispensable like food, water and air. However, most of the energy we use nowadays comes from fossil fuels, a non-renewable energy source. Furthermore, our dependence on fossil fuels as energy sources has caused serious environmental problems, i.e. air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, and natural resource depletion. It is emphasized that the global environmental damage caused thermodynamically is more alarming to life on earth than the risk of exhausting the finite amount of fossil fuels being consumed at the present rate. The need for alternatives free of the above mentioned problems are becoming ever more urgent. Hydrogen has been identified as an ideal energy carrier to support sustainable development. It is extremely clean as the only by-product is water. In recent times, growing environmental concern has brought in a new dimension to WGSR role as an adjunct to above reactions for portable and stationery fuel cell application with possible use of improved catalysts which are non-pyrophoric, high attrition resistant and possessing better activity at moderate temperatures.

This work is about the preparation of catalysts for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide in hydrogen rich gases and comparative study of there activity as well as selectivity and thermal stability so this work will be very useful for the persons working in same research area of hygrogen production and removal of carbon monoxide. the method followed in this book work for carbon monoxide removal is find the most appropriate among all like; methanation of CO, PSA , membrane separation methods etc..

Aim of this project is regarding diesel soot emission, its adverse effects on the human health, environment, vegetations, climate, etc. The legislations to limit diesel emissions and ways to minimize soot emission. This project was describes the kinetics of catalytic oxidation of diesel soot with air under isothermal conditions. Kinetics data were collected in a specially designed mini-semi-batch reactor. CuO-CeO2 systems have been proposed as a promising catalyst for low temperature diesel-soot oxidation.CuO-CeO2 catalysts prepared by various methods were examined for air oxidation of the soot in a semi batch tubular flow reactor. It was observed that the activity and stability of the catalysts greatly influenced by the preparation methods. The strong interaction between CuO and CeO2 is closely related to the preparation route that plays a crucial role in the soot oxidation over the CuO-CeO2 catalysts.The ranking order of the preparation methods of the catalysts in the soot oxidation performance is as follows: sol-gel > urea nitrate combustion > Urea gelation method > thermal decomposition > co-precipitation.

Diesel soot emissions adversely affect human health, environment, vegetation, climate change , etc. pressurizing governments to have strict emission standards. This project describes the catalytic control of diesel soot emissions. The performance of perovskite is found most promising over spinel, hydrotalcite, and metal oxides catalysts for soot oxidation. LaCoO3 prepared by co-precipitation shows the best result (oxidizing soot totally at 370 oC) than catalyst prepared by sol-gel and solution combustion synthesis. Potash substituted catalyst is more effective than silver substituted. The optimum K substituted catalyst is found to be La0.9K0.1Co0.9Cu0.1O3. A novel finding of the project is that La0.7K0.3ZnOy does not form perovskite structure and remain as mixed metal oxides. This catalyst shows comparable activity to perovskite and yields the following kinetic expression: Rate = 6.46x10^10.exp(-138.12kJ/RT)(m)gsoot/gcat.s

Diesel engines are preferred system over the gasoline, due to their high fuel efficiency, low-operating cost, high durability and low CO2 emission. However, emissions of NOx and soot as well as CO and HCs from diesel engines are major concern due to severe health and environment effects. Further, Euro-6/Euro-VI standards for light duty/heavy duty vehicles are implemented in Sept. 2014 require additional reduction of 56%/80% in NOx and 10%/67% in soot emissions compared to Euro-5/Euro-V levels respectively. Four way catalysts (FWC) seem to be a possible single-component technology solution to control total emissions. In the present work, the double layers of catalysts containing perovskite and Cu-ZSM5 were explored for the same purpose. La0.6K0.4CoO3 catalyst along with Cu-ZSM showed 100% conversion of NOx at 450oC with peak temperature of soot combustion at 420oC, the temperature of the HC total conversion was 480oC, and 100% conversion of CO was at 388oC which are in the range of exhaust temperature of 150–450 °C. The activity order of double layers catalysts is as follows: La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Sol-gel)+Cu-ZSM-5 > La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Sol-gel) + Ag/Al2O3 > La0.6K0.4CoO3 (Co-ppt)