Satyakumari Sharma — новинки

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume crop, belongs to Leguminoseae family. It is also known as peanut, earthnut, and monkeynut. It is the largest source of edible oil and ranks 13th among the food crops as well as 3th most important oilseeds crops of the world. Groundnut is grown in tropical and sub–tropical regions and in the continental part of temperate countries. The seed (kernels) contains up to 50% of a non drying oil (40-50% fat), 20-50% protein and 10-20% carbohydrate. Among the various oilseed crops, groundnut alone accounts for 10.2 lakh hectares of the oilseeds area and 8.1 million tons of total production in India. Groundnut kernels are important source of vitamin E, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, iron, riboflavin, thiamine and potassium. Groundnut kernels are consumed directly as raw, roasted or boiled and making sweets. The oil is also extract from the kernel and utilizes culinary purpose.It contains 7.0 to 8.0 % N, 1.5 % P2O5 and 1.0 % K2O.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] commonly known as bajra, is an important drought hardy millet crop basically cultivated in the arid and semi-arid areas on light textured sandy soils. It is a dual purpose crop, grains are used for human consumption and its fodder as cattle feed. Pearl millet grains are eaten cooked like rice or ‘chapattis’ are prepared out of flour like wheat or maize flour and also used as feed for poultry and green fodder or dry karbi for cattle. India is the largest producer of pearl millet with an annual production of 10.05 million tonnes from an area of 8.69 million ha and productivity of 1156 kg ha-1. Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana are the major pearl millet growing states. Scientific scheduling of irrigation is a technique for determining the quantity of irrigation water, which also aim at optimizing crop yield with the maximum water use efficiency and ensures minimum deterioration of the soil and crop.

Brinjal is grown commonly in the country since ancient time. It is an important vegetable crop of the plains and is available throughout the year and used primarily as a cooked vegetable. Owing to the availability of the brinjal crop all over the year, this crop suffers very significantly from insect-pest attack. Brinjal is attacked by 142 species of insect-pest, four species of mite and three species of nematodes in different countries of world. Brinjal fruit & shoot borer Leucinodes orbonalis G. is the most serious pest of brinjal in India. Brinjal fruit & shoot borer is an endemic pest and inflicts direct loss to the brinjal crop. The caterpillar is highly destructive and cosmopolitan pest and causing damage 50-70% in brinjal.

Clusterbean is an important, hardy and drought tolerant leguminous crop of kharif season in arid and semi arid region of tropical India. It can be grown successfully on poor fertile soil and areas of erratic rainfall and important crop of northern M.P., because of its gum content (28- - 32%) which is being utilized in various industries. India has become a leading exporter of guar gum especially, to the U.S.A. and earns every year Rs. 170 million. Clusterbean meal, the by-product of guar industries, is used as concentrated feed for animals, which contains 42% crude protein. So, the research efforts towards the “Effect of fertility levels and row spacing on growth and yield of some promising genotypes of clusterbean.

Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.] commonly known as bajra, is an important drought hardy millet crop basically cultivated in the arid and semi-arid areas on light textured sandy soils. It is one of the major coarse grain crop and is considered to be a poor man’s food as it provides staple food for the poor in a short period. It is a dual purpose crop, grains are used for human consumption and its fodder as cattle feed. Pearl millet grains are eaten cooked like rice or ‘chapattis’ are prepared out of flour like wheat or maize flour. It is also used as feed for poultry and green fodder or dry karbi for cattle.

China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Ness] cv. Princess is one of the most popular cut flowers as well as loose flower grown throughout the world. It is grown on a commercial scale in many parts of India. China aster is a free blooming, colourful annual flower and belongs to the family Asteraceae. Among annual flowers it ranks next to chrysanthemum and marigold. It is grown throughout the world under different conditions such as open fields and cloth houses. Besides, it is also used as bedding plant, potted plant and for other floral decorations such as making garlands, bouquets etc.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered to be one of the most important cereal crops belonging to grass family (Poaceae) having immense importance in Indian diet. On account of peculiar physical and chemical gluten, it makes better leavened bread than any other cereal. Wheat straw is important source of fodder for a large Indian animal population and also utilized in the manufacture of mattresses, straw and art purpose. Apart from food, the industrial use of wheat grain includes starch for paste, alcohol, oil and gluten. In India, wheat and rice serves as life sustaining crops for about 1.2 billion population and thus, considered to be backbone of nation’s food security system.

Globally, India ranks second in production under castor after Brazil. The annual production of 10.03 lakh tonnes from an area of 7.52 lakh ha and productivity of 1334 kg ha-1 in India (Anonymous, 2010a). The major castor production states in India are Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Orissa. It is also grown in Tamilnadu, Bihar, Maharashtra and Rajasthan. Gujarat ranks first in India with respect to area, production and productivity, which as 4.22 lakh hectares, 4.31 lakh tonnes and 1972 kg ha-1 respectively (Anonymous, 2010b). Scattered cultivation of castor is found in almost all districts of Gujarat. Castor is an important non-edible oilseed crop with good export potential. It is used in the manufacture of high grade lubricant, soap, paints, varnishes, resins, plastic nylon, textile dying, refined oil, perfumed hair oil; Castor oil has also medicinal value being used as purgative. Recently, it is used as resins for surface coating, synthetic rubber and synthetic fibers. It is also used as bactericides and fungicides. Castor cake provides excellent organic manure with 4.5% N, 2.6% P, 1.0% K (Balasubramaniyan and Palaniappa 2000).