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The emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance pathogen is an alarming concern in clinical practice. Many organisms such as MRSA, HIV-1, Hepatitis-B Virus, and Ampicillin resistant E.coli are difficult to treat. There is a need of a cheap broad-active agent that can be used against variety of pathogen. The AgNPs have been found to be effective against many viruses and bacterial species. The use of noble metals at nano-sizes to treat many conditions is gaining importance. The recent development in nanotechnology has pro-vided tremendous impetus in this direction due to its capacity of modulating metals into nanosizes and various shapes, which drastically changes the chemical, physical and optical properties and their use. The efficacy of AgNPs against HIV-1 has been reported by many laboratories including ours [19,26]. It has been shown that AgNPs have got anti-HIV-1 activity and can help the host immune system against HIV-1. This has laid ground for the development of new, potent antiviral drugs capable of preventing HIV infection and controlling virus replication. Recently, it has been demonstrated That AgNPs function as broad-spectrum virucidal and bactericidal agents.

C. occidentalis and C. tora are the important Ayurvedic medicinal plants. These plants have good antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The phytochemicals of these plants differs markedly due to geographical, climatic and other factors. The genetic diversity analysis by RAPD reveals significant amount of genetic divergence among these plants. This study paves the way to discover the active components in these plants responsible for the antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. This is the first kind of investigation on these plants in Haryana region. The present investigation highlights the traditional usage of these plants which is authenticated by scientific experimentation.

Nanotechnology is the most fascinating area of research in the field of material science. Biological methods of synthesis of nanoparticles in plants are a quite new approach and continuously gaining popularity in the scientific community due to ecofriendly procedure. When we think about the biological world we normally think of delicate, temperature sensitive, carboneous or organic materials like leaves, stems, roots, cells, tissue, skin etc. inorganic materials are also produced in the biological systems. A variety of mechanically strong or weak, rigid or flexible, porous or nonporous, thick or thin, inorganic or organic material is abundantly produced inside or adjacent to living cells. However, these all are that nature’s secrets that are beyond the human understanding. In this book, silver nanoparticles are biologically synthesiszed within Brassic juncea seedlings and after isolation antibacterial effect of these nanoparticles were examined. This is a quite new approach in the field of Nanobiotechnology.

Endophytic fungus inhabits such as biotopes. Many endophytic fungi and their metabolites have been reported to have insecticidal and fungicidal activity. Biological approach using an endophytic fungus is a novel way towards the development of safe, environmental friendly, viable and green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles in the field of nanotechnology. Several species of endophytes are able to synthesize nanoparticles with potential antimicrobial activity. In the present work, a single step environmental friendly approach is employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles. We have investigated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using endophytic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus isolated from the leaves of Cannabis sativa and have achieved rapid formation of silver nanoparticles in a short duration.Furthermore, the antimicrobial potential of AgNPs was systematically evaluated. The synthesized AgNPs could efficiently inhibit various clinically isolated pathogens like E. coli, S. albus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus sp. The current research opens a new avenue for the green synthesis of nano-materials.