Utpal Dey — новинки

Agriculture has been facing the destructive activities of numerous non insect pests from time immemorial, leading to radical decrease in yields. Pests are constantly being introduced to new areas either naturally or accidentally, or, in some cases, organisms that are intentionally introduced become pests. Global trade has resulted in increased numbers of invasive non-native pest species being introduced to new areas. There is a group of animal other than the insects, which cause the considerable yield losses to agricultural crops and commonly called as non insect pests. It includes mammals (monkey, wild animals etc), rodents, birds, molluscs, mites. The latest control problems are caused by non insect pests are not control by planting a resistant variety and advocate use of pesticides. Controlling these invasive species presents an unparalleled challenge worldwide.

Powdery mildew disease on okra (Abelmoschus esculentusL.) incited by fungus, Erysiphe cichoracearum DC is a limiting factor in the successful cultivation in Marathwada region of Maharashtra State. Survey on farmers field indicated the average incidence and average severity in the range of 87.70 per cent and 52.26 PDI The disease on farmers field was characterized with the appearance of white patches on the upper surface of lower leaves which soon join together to farm large patches. Severely infected plants showed necrosis on leaves, petioles, stem and fruits.On the basis of effectiveness in controlling the powdery mildew disease of okra the most effective fungicides recorded in the order of merit were Karathane (0.1 %), Thiovit (0.3 %) and Tilt (0.1 %). Maximum fruit yield (11.21 t/ha) and highest per cent increase in yield(58.92 per cent) over unsprayed control was recorded in fungicide Karathane sprays followed by Thiovit and Tilt fungicides. Maximum test weight (60.80 g) and maximum increase in test weight (15.94 g) over unsprayed control was also found in fungicide Karathane.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) belongs to family malvaceae is one of the important cash, fibre and oilseed crop commonly grown in many parts of India.Bacterial blight disease incited by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum is a serious threat to successful cultivation of cotton wherever the crop is grown. Bacterial blight disease severity (PDI) and disease incidence (PI) in chemical management studies conducted in vivo.Amongst the antagonist tested against this bacteria Trichoderma hamatum was significantly superior in per cent reduction of mycelia colony diameter (mm) of pathogen at all the incubation periods tested. .Amongst the chemical tested against this bacteria, copper oxychloride 0.25% +streptocycline 100 ppm was significantly superior in per cent reduction of mycelia colony diameter (mm) of pathogen at all the incubation periods tested. The next best chemical noticed was carbendazim 0.1% and copper oxychloride 0.25% + agrimycin 100 ppm.Screening of total 36 genotypes of cotton under natural condition of infection none showed immune, none showed resistant, while 3 genotypes were moderately resistant, 31 were moderately susceptible and 2 were susceptible against bacterial blight

The highest disease incidence and severity noticed in Nanded district. The disease severity was increased in the month of June and it is highest in the month of September when the temperature ranged between 18-38.5oC, humidity between 31-91% and rainfall intensity ranged between 1.5-27.5 mm with 3-6 rainy days. The heavy and more number of rains in July to September helped in spreading of disease through run off and rain splashes and at the same time, conductive temperatures and humidity conditions stimulated the development of gummosis and hence increased severity. Though day temperatures remains conductive for most part of the year in different districts of Marathwada, night temperature and slight drizzles play important role in disease development. Slight drizzles provide free water for entry of pathogen through natural openings or injuries. Bioagent Trichoderma harzianum found most effective against both species. Botanical Lantana found effective. Among all fungicides tested Dimethomorph was found most effective against both the Phytophthora spp.

As a component of biology, Plant Pathology enjoyed a prestigious position and its applied aspects; plant disease management was an integral part of agroecosystem management. In the era of globalization, our country is progressing very fast in agricultural sector by developing innovative techniques and augumenting increased production and productivity. In recent years the disease problems in many crop plants attracted the attentions of the scientists to device newer techniques in an integrated approach. The practical manual on “Management of Post Harvest Diseases” is prepared by integrating all the available approaches viz. cultural, chemical, biological and biotechnological means in managing plant diseases. This book will be useful not only to the students and researchers in the field of plant pathology, but also to the extension functionaries who concerned with disease management.

Polymerase chain reaction detection of disease is based on principal of thermal cycling in which PCR instrument allow to run generally 60-65 thermal cycle, during PCR operation it allow different stages of cycle at different temperatures for different period of time i.e. initiation (940C), denaturation (940C), primer annealing (600C), extension/elongation step (720C), final elongation (720C) and holding temperature (40C). After all completion of procedure and cost effective analysis of different DNA extension and isolation method. Final following conclusions are drawn 1) PCR based diagnosis system is developed for detection of greening bacteria 2) The comparative cost of detection by various combination of reagent and sampling time was determined and cost effective technology was standardized and validated.

It gives us great pleasure and satisfaction to fulfill the long felt need of the pathologists and students for a comprehensive practical manual on “Diseases of fruits, plantations, vegetables, flowers,medicinal and aromatic crops”. Experience gained from teaching plant pathology, encouragement received from the university,faculty members have made the dream true. Diseases of various horticultural crops and there various option for management presented in areadable form so that it would be student friendly.This book will definitely pave a way for the young aspiring, budding pathology minds to take up the subject with confidence.

The naturally field infected plants showing good symptoms are also difficult to identify in lateral stage of plant. Because they disappear with time. The virus is very easily sap transmissible. The virus is found to be transmitted by Thrips palmi and Thrips tobacci in persistent manner. No seed transmission is observed. Virus showed same physical properties as it shows in stem necrosis of peanut or sunflower necrosis disease. The physical properties are found to be thermal inactivation point (TIP) 55–600C, dilution end point (DEP) 10-2 -10-3 and longevity in vitro (LIV) 5 Hrs, virus infecting nineteen of different host plants are identified belonging to five different types of families viz.malvaceae, chenopodiaceae , compositae ,leguminaceae and solanaceae. However they found to produce same types of symptoms as in most of the host that have been tested before. In ELISA test report it is found that the virus showing positive test only with anti serum of TSV of a cowpea and cotton.

Soybean belongs to the family Leguminoseae and sub-family Papilionoidae and believed originated from Eastern Asia. The crop is presently grown in most of the part of world and is a primary source of vegetable oil and protein. Among the bacterial diseases bacterial blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae is causing considerable losses in soybean.The highest diseases incidence was observed in Parbhani districts and the minimum disease incidence noticed in Jalna districts. The samples collected during survey were used for isolation of pathogen. The in vitro evaluation of chemical indicated that streptocycline (100 ppm) + copper oxychlrolide (0.25%) was significant inhibited the growth of pathogen. In natural condition the streptocycline (100 ppm) + copper oxychlrolide (0.25%) was found superior over rest of treatment. In evaluation of botanicals, Neem extract significantly in habited the growth (59.26 %), the same treatment was found superior in glasshouse condition.Among the antagonist bio-agents the Trichoderma viride was significantly superior in reduction of growth of pathogen.

Soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) has been found to affect and considerable losses caused by collar rot incited by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Seed treatment with fungicides Carbendazim +Thiram in field and pot culture was found effective and significantly reduced pre-and post-emergence mortality in soybean Cv.MAUS-71 thereby increased the seed yield as well as test weight . In pot culture evaluation of bioagents and plant extracts , T.viride +T.harzianum combination and Neem extract was found effective in reducing pre-and post-emergence mortality. All the fungicides (7), bioagents (5) ,plant extracts (9) and non-target pesticides (8) evaluated in vitro (1000 and 2000 ppm) were found fungistatic/fungitoxic against S.rolfsii.However, Propioconazole recorded highest mycelial inhibition (85.28%), bioagent T.harzianum recorded(73.33%) maximum inhibition of mycelial growth, Neem extract was found effective (10 and 20 %) and recorded highest inhibition (73.37%).Nuvan was found most effective among the other pesticides and recorded maximum mycelial inhibition (72.03%) of the test pathogen.

As a component of biology, Plant Pathology enjoyed a prestigious position and its applied aspects; plant disease management was an integral part of agroecosystem management. In the era of globalization, our country is progressing very fast in agricultural sector by developing innovative techniques and augumenting increased production and productivity. In recent years the disease problems in mushroom attracted the attentions of the scientists to device newer techniques in an integrated approach. The practical manual on “Mushroom Cultivation” is prepared by integrating all the available approaches in managing diseases. This book will be useful not only to the students and researchers in the field of plant pathology, but also to the extension functionaries who concerned with disease management in the mushroom field.

As a component of biology, Plant Pathology enjoyed a prestigious position and its applied aspects; plant disease management was an integral part of agroecosystem management. In the era of globalization, our country is progressing very fast in agricultural sector by developing innovative techniques and augumenting increased production and productivity. In recent years the disease problems in many crop plants attracted the attentions of the scientists to device newer techniques in an integrated approach. The practical manual on “Introductory Microbiology” is prepared by integrating all the available approaches viz. staining, culturing on media, shape and size of bacteria etc. This book will be useful not only to the students and researchers in the field of plant pathology, but also to the extension functionaries who concerned with disease management.

System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is under evaluation in 29 countries at present, where it has been shown that yields can be enhanced by suitably modifying certain management practices such as controlled supply of water, planting of younger seedlings and providing wider spacing. This method of cultivation is said to promote greater root growth and higher soil biological activity in the rhizosphere. The benefits of SRI include increased yield (20-25%), a reduction in seed requirement (75%), water saving (45-50%), strong and profuse root system and tillering resulting in lodging resistance, improving soil health, reduction in pests, diseases, grain shattering and unfilled grains. The System of Rice Intensification improves yields with less water, less seed, and less chemical inputs than most conventional methods of rice cultivation. This means that the returns on inputs are higher, making the method potentially more profitable than most of the traditional methods.

All crop plants produced have the potential to become diseased under certain conditions. Diseases of crops can affect yield and/or quality of the harvested commodity. This can impact profitability and increase the risks of farming. A plant is diseased when it is affected by some agent that interferes with its normal development. Some disorders are caused by noninfectious factors, such as temperature extremes or nutrient deficiencies. However, this publication focuses on diseases caused by infectious microorganisms. Diseased plants exhibit a variety of symptoms. These can include stunting, yellowing, wilting, twisting, reddening, browning, blighting, root rot, fruit rot, or other abnormalities. Accurate diagnosis is important in order to effectively control a plant disease. Diagnosis is an art as well as a science, andexperience is important. Until a disease is properly diagnosed, a farmer may waste time and money trying to correct a problem with an unknown cause. Once a disease is diagnosed, appropriate control practices can be selected. Your local Extension agent can provide information on identification and management of crop diseases.

Highest disease incidence noticed in Parbhani district followed by Hingoli, Nanded, Latur and Beed while lowest disease incidence noticed in Jalna district.Highest disease severity noticed in Parbhani districts followed by Hingoli, Latur, Nanded and Aurangabad while lowest in Jalna district.All the nine fungicides tested at various concentrations significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of C.truncatum. Howeever, carbendazim was found most effective followed by Mancozeb, carbendazim + Mancozeb, Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, Difeconazole, Propineb, Focetyl AL while fungicide chlorothalonil was found comparatively least effective against the test pathogen.All the nine botanicals / plant extracts tested at various concentrations significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of C.truncatum. However, Garlic found most effective followed by Tulsi, Onion, Giner, Neem, Parthenium, Bougenvilia and Eucalyptus. While plant extract of Mehandi was found least effective against test pathogen.5. All the four bioagents tested at various concentrations significantly inhibited the mycelia growth of C. trunchatum. However, T. viride was found most effective followed by T. hamatum

Thousands of citrus plants succumb toPhytophthora diseases every year in India. More than 20 per cent plants die dueto this pathogen in citrus nurseries of central India..Highest disease incidence and severity was noticed in Nanded district and lowestdisease incidence and severity was noticed in Osmanabad district.The per cent gummosis incidence was high in months of August-September which was concomitant with heavy rainfall, high humidity and temperature range of 18-35oC.Trichoderma harzianum was found most effective biocontrol agent.Garlic extract was found most effective in all plant extracttested.Cymoxynil 8% + Mancozeb 64% (Curzate M-8) and Metalaxyl M-4% + Mancozeb 64%(Ridomil Gold) were found most effective fungicidesfor managing gummosis of sweet orange.

Common rust of maize caused by Puccinia sorghi Schw. is an important disease which results in heavy yield loss. Spore germination was maximum within 24 hr at temperature in the range of 20-30°C. Differential spray schedule with Hexaconazole 0.1% revealed that, rust index was least in T5, i.e., five sprays of Hexaconazole (30.25%) and the disease was completely free with T6, i.e., six sprays of Hexaconazole. The disease development started on 30 days (22.34% PDI) and increased progressively up to 90 days (88.56% PDI) and later on became stable. Among the inbred lines MI-12 and Indimyt-345 are highly resistant to common rust of maize and among hybrids viz., NK-6240, NK-61, NK-7305, CP-808, GK-3090, 30R77, CP-818, C-1945, JKMH-502, PAC-740, NK-121, Pro-311, DK-984 and Swarna registered resistant reaction under artificial inoculated field condition. A systemic fungicide, Tebuconazole 250 EC and nonsystemic fungicide, Mancozeb + Phyton and botanical product, Neemazol F 5% were most effective which resulted in less per cent germination of uredospore. The ITK’s viz; Jeevamrutha @ 20 per cent concentration caused significantly less per cent germination (22.69%).